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Taking urgent action to accelerate the recovery of learning loss is an essential element of national COVID-19 response education strategies. It is critical to ensure that this generation of students does not suffer a disadvantage in comparison to past and future generations. There is a large number of policy options at the system and school levels to achieve this goal. Given that the extent of learning loss is likely to vary across individual students, teaching at the right level will be more important than ever to help students catch up to grade-level standards. Tutoring programs, individualized self-learning programs, and computer-assisted instruction have also been found to improve student learning in various contexts, although countries will face the challenge of implementing them at scale. Extending instructional time, such as by offering summer school, can

be effective if combined with approaches that align levels of instruction with goals and needs of students. Grade retention by itself has limited effectiveness as a remediation strategy unless combined with other targeted interventions. …